Hogan’s holometer: Testing the hypothesis of a holographic universe

October 20, 2010 | 10:00 am

MIT physicist Sam Waldman in the laser lab where the holometer is being constructed

MIT physicist Sam Waldman in the laser lab where the holometer is being constructed

In 2008, Fermilab particle astrophysicist Craig Hogan made waves with a mind-boggling proposition: The 3D universe in which we appear to live is no more than a hologram.

Now he is building the most precise clock of all time to directly measure whether our reality is an illusion.

The idea that spacetime may not be entirely smooth – like a digital image that becomes increasingly pixelated as you zoom in – had been previously proposed by Stephen Hawking and others. Possible evidence for this model appeared last year in the unaccountable “noise” plaguing the GEO600 experiment in Germany, which searches for gravitational waves from black holes. To Hogan, the jitteriness suggested that the experiment had stumbled upon the lower limit of the spacetime pixels’ resolution.

Black hole physics, in which space and time become compressed, provides a basis for math showing that the third dimension may not exist at all. In this two-dimensional cartoon of a universe, what we perceive as a third dimension would actually be a projection of time intertwined with depth. If this is true, the illusion can only be maintained until equipment becomes sensitive enough to find its limits.

“You can’t perceive it because nothing ever travels faster than light,” says Hogan. “This holographic view is how the universe would look if you sat on a photon.”

Not everyone agrees with this idea. Its foundation is formed with math rather than hard data, as is common in theoretical physics. And although a holographic universe would answer many questions about black hole physics and other paradoxes, it clashes with classical geometry, which demands a universe of smooth, continuous paths in space and time.

“So we want to build a machine which will be the most sensitive measurement ever made of spacetime itself,” says Hogan. “That’s the holometer.”

The holometer is named after a 17th century surveyor's instrument.

The holometer is named after a 17th century surveyor's instrument.

The name “holometer” was first used for a surveying device created in the 17th century, an “instrument for the taking of all measures, both on the earth and in the heavens.” Hogan felt this fit with the mission of his “holographic interferometer,” which is currently being developed at Fermilab’s largest laser lab.

In a classical interferometer, first developed in the late 1800s, a laser beam in a vacuum hits a mirror called a beamsplitter, which breaks it in two. The two beams travel at different angles down the length of two vacuum pipe arms before hitting mirrors at the end and bouncing back to the beamsplitter.

Since light in a vacuum travels at a constant speed, the two beams should arrive back to the mirror at precisely the same time, with their waves in sync to reform a single beam. Any interfering vibration would change the frequency of the waves ever so slightly over the distance they traveled. When they returned to the beamsplitter, they would no longer be in sync.

In the holometer, this loss of sync looks like a shaking or vibrations that represent jitters in spacetime itself, like the fuzziness of radio coming over too little bandwidth.

The holometer’s precision means that it doesn’t have to be large; at 40 meters in length, it is only one hundredth of the size of current interferometers, which measure gravitational waves from black holes and supernovas. Yet because the spacetime frequencies it measures are so rapid, it will be more precise over very short time intervals by seven orders of magnitude than any atomic clock in existence.

“The shaking of spacetime occurs at a million times per second, a thousand times what your ear can hear,” said Fermilab experimental physicist Aaron Chou, whose lab is developing prototypes for the holometer. “Matter doesn’t like to shake at that speed. You could listen to gravitational frequencies with headphones.”

The whole trick, Chou says, is to prove that the vibrations don’t come from the instrument. Using technology similar to that in noise-cancelling headphones, sensors outside the instrument detect vibrations and shake the mirror at the same frequency to cancel them. Any remaining shakiness at high frequency, the researchers propose, will be evidence of blurriness in spacetime.

“With the holometer’s long arms, we’re magnifying spacetime’s uncertainty,” Chou said.

Conceptual design of the Fermilab holometer

Conceptual design of the Fermilab holometer

Hogan’s team liked the holometer idea so much they decided to build two. One on top of the other, the machines can confirm one another’s measurements.

This month, having successfully built a 1-meter prototype of the 40-meter arm, they will weld the parts of the first of the vacuum arms together.

Hogan expects the holometer to begin collecting data next year.

“People trying to tie reality together don’t have any data, just a lot of beautiful math,” said Hogan. “The hope is that this gives them something to work with.”

Sara Reardon

Symmetry Intern
Posted in Uncategorized |
123 Comments »

123 Responses to “Hogan’s holometer: Testing the hypothesis of a holographic universe”

  1. Holographic Universe?
    It’s all about the self-similarity of our universe. A hologram is nothing else than a fractal construct.

    If this experiment would prove that we are living in a holographic universe, than it would also prove that we are all one. Would this change something in the way we act and think? Well, Mandelbrot mathematics has changed already our world. We have fractal antennas in our cell phones, our batteries are fractal constructs, and modern analyze software use fractal mathematics to recognize certain patterns like cancer or hearth disease in the human body.

    Also in the Free Energy research Möbius Strips are recognized as recursive fractal constructs. Electrical coils like that of the mathematician Marko Rodin shows excellent values, only because it’s winding follows a fractal recursive pattern. We are just beginning to understand that mathematics is indeed the language of the universe.

  2. “In a classical interferometer, first developed in the late 1800s, a laser beam in a vacuum hits a mirror called a beamsplitter, which breaks it in two. The two beams travel at different angles down the length of two vacuum pipe arms before hitting mirrors at the end and bouncing back to the beamsplitter. ”

    Lasers were invented in 1952, not the late 1800′s. I don’t understand this quote.

  3. > Lasers were invented in 1952, not the late 1800’s. I don’t understand this quote.

    Before lasers were available, interferometers used some other kind of light source with a narrow frequency band, often a gas discharge lamp (sodium vapor makes a nice orange glow when ionized).

  4. Awkward read, but correct. The sentence is not saying that lasers were used in the first developed interferometers. They are simply stating that the interferometer was first developed in the late 1800′s. The implementation of lasers, we have to assume, comes later in interferometers based on the classical design.

  5. @gmon: the first interferometers used a split beam of monochromatic light rather than lasers: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelson_interferometer . This would have been accurate enough to observe the phenomenon Michelson and Morley were originally looking for (and did not find!). Modern theory predicts phenomena on much smaller scales, which is why modern Michelson interferometers use preposterously long laser beams.

  6. gmon, you don’t need a laser to build an interferometer, only monochromatic light which can be created by other means. The famous Michelson-Morley experiment was done in 1887.

    Finally, the first laser was built in 1960.

  7. Brycemeister Says:

    So a question: if I recall correctly, there were some physicists who pulsed light through cesium, and achieved something on the order of 300 times the speed of light. There’s also what I think might be called ‘quantum tunneling’ through quartz. So, how would this knowledge affect the results from his holometer? Or is he considering that in his work?

  8. Carl Summers Says:

    Interferometry was invented in 1881:
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson#Interferometry
    The principles remain the same.

  9. “In the late 1800s, the interference pattern was obtained by using a gas discharge lamp, a filter, and a thin slot or pinhole. In one version of the Michelson-Morley experiment, the interferometer used starlight as the source of light. Starlight is temporally incoherent light, but since it is a point source of light it has spatial coherence and will produce an interference pattern.”

    -wikipedia

    I think they first started using lasers for xray interference stuff. They had to work with other ways of finding coherent light.

  10. @gmon

    Interferometer isn’t the same as laser. If only there was a way to look up that kind of information on the internet. But I’m sure that technology is googles away.

  11. I’m immediately reminded of the hilarious observation I was once treated to: “You may indeed be the architect of your own reality, but you are still, nonetheless, standing on my foot.”.
    To paraphrase Morpheus, “The Universe, it seems, is not without a sense of humor.”.

  12. They just used the sea bass ok? There were no frickin’ lasers.

    Or any light source at all.

  13. @gmon: Looks like a case of bad grammar. The interferometer was indeed developed in the 1800′s however wasn’t practical or accurate until the laser was invented. There were ways of isolating light beams before the laser was invented but for very short distances. The invention of holography by Frank Gabor also pre-dated the invention of the laser.

  14. Jim Etchison Says:
  15. I agree with you gmon that the context of what was written is a little misleading. The classical interferometer was used in the Michelson-Morley experiment(1887) to split beams of light into two and have them bounce back to recombine, rather than somehow using time travel to use actual lasers.
    On another note, this article is interesting and provokes thoughts of what would happen if the universe was actually holographic.

  16. So many replies so quickly. I believe gmon has plenty of help now.

  17. No, in 1991 author Michael Talbot released a book entitled “The Holographic Universe” that already elaborated this theory. This is not Craig Hogan’s original “mind-boggling” proposition whatsoever.

  18. Any interfering vibration would change the frequency of the waves ever so slightly over the distance they traveled.

    I think you mean change the phase of the waves?

  19. “The shaking of spacetime occurs at a million times per second, a thousand times what your ear can hear,”

    I think 20khz is usually considered as the hearing limit. So, isn’t it more like 50 times what your ear can hear?

  20. And thou shalt know the origin of all the things on high,
    and all the signs in the sky, and the resplendent works of the glowing sun’s clear torch, and whence they arose. And thou shalt learn likewise of the wandering deeds of the round-faced moon, and of her origin. Thou shalt know, too, the heavens that surround us, whence they arose, and how Necessity took them and bound them to keep the limits of the stars. How the earth, and the sun, and the moon, and the sky that is common to all, and the Milky Way, and the outermost Olympos, and the burning might of the stars arose.

  21. Talbot did indeed publish a book called The Holographic Universe. What it did however was inject large amounts of New Age hocus-pocus into some older and saner theories on the same topic developed some fifty years earlier by Karl Pibram and David Bohm.

  22. Uh…so, I’m not a physicist, or even particularly competent in science, but does the gravity of the earth, or earth moving through space not have an effect on this machine?

    How can they be sure, once they’ve gotten the machine stationary, that anything else they measure is definitely space-time vibrations?

  23. “Black hole physics, in which space and time become compressed, provides a basis for math showing that the third dimension may not exist at all. In this two-dimensional cartoon of a universe, what we perceive as a third dimension would actually be a projection of time intertwined with depth. ”

    That just changed my understanding of the universe. All those things I’ve seen that work in 2D but don’t make sense in 3D (Warp drive, wormholes) now seem a lot more possible.

  24. “So a question: if I recall correctly, there were some physicists who pulsed light through cesium, and achieved something on the order of 300 times the speed of light. ”

    You recall incorrectly. If the speed of light was indeed broken, I’m absolutely certain everyone here would know about it by now.

    I’m also absolutely certain it will be broken one day. Just like everything else smart men said was impossible. Humanity has a tendency to overcome.

  25. “Using technology similar to that in noise-cancelling headphones, sensors outside the instrument detect vibrations and shake the mirror at the same frequency to cancel them”

    Shake the mirror? Wouldn’t image-stabalization in cameras be a better analogy?

  26. This reminds me of this paper by Erik P. Verlinde:
    “On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton”
    (Submitted on 6 Jan 2010)

    Abstract: Starting from first principles and general assumptions Newton’s law of gravitation is shown to arise naturally and unavoidably in a theory in which space is emergent through a holographic scenario. Gravity is explained as an entropic force caused by changes in the information associated with the positions of material bodies. A relativistic generalization of the presented arguments directly leads to the Einstein equations. When space is emergent even Newton’s law of inertia needs to be explained. The equivalence principle leads us to conclude that it is actually this law of inertia whose origin is entropic.

    See:
    http://arxiv.org/abs/1001.0785

  27. “it is only one hundredth of the size of current interferometers, which measure gravitational waves from black holes and supernovas.”

    Except that so such waves have ever been measured.

  28. @Scott – That’s the first thing I thought of when I saw the title of this article. An interesting book with many examples of a part of something containing information about the whole.

  29. “I think 20khz is usually considered as the hearing limit. So, isn’t it more like 50 times what your ear can hear?”

    No because Hz is logrhythmic.

  30. @Jan,

    Never obfuscate the truth with reality :)

    Living fairly close to Fermi-lab (and having visited it once, cool place), this is good news for that facility. Now that the LHC is up and running we need to find something for all the geeks down there to keep them busy.

    Who knows, maybe with some early results from the LHC we will need to restart the SCSC – but ‘Build it Bigger!’.

  31. I think this article is full of holes.

    “The idea that spacetime may not be entirely smooth – like a digital image that becomes increasingly pixelated as you zoom in – had been previously proposed by Stephen Hawking and others.”

    I believe this idea goes back to the founders of quantum physics i.e Bohr, Heisenberg, Schrodinger, Maxwell, De Broglie, Plank etc.
    According to quantum physics the smallest pixel of space time is the plank constant at 6.626068 × 10-34 m2 kg / s. Below that all there exist are waves of probability. Stephen Hawking had nothing to do with that!

    Aside from that we may indeed be living on the hollow deck.

  32. @ Richard –

    Wouldn’t interfering vibration decrease the energy of the waves, thus decreasing the frequency?

    Thereby affecting both phase and frequency?

  33. Though the mirrors are being “noise-canceled”, is it not possible there is a “flexing” of the device on a larger scale that is not being accounted for? Or is the assumption that the frequency range for such perturbations is different than the predicted space-time vibrations?

    And though it may be too theoretical, how was that frequency range determined? It sounds way too low for something that hasn’t been observed.

  34. “The Holographic Principle” – a review article (summarizing work mostly already published) from 2002, author Raphael Bousso:

    http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0203101

    Lectures on the Holographic Principle given in 1999 by Bigatti & Susskind:
    http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0002044

    Lecture given by Nobel winner Gerard ‘t Hooft in 1999:
    http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0003004

    Compared to these, the claims made in the article above are … unbelievable.

  35. RevolutionWillNotBeTelevised Says:

    “No because Hz is logrhythmic.”

    No. 1 Hertz, is one cycle per second. 10 Hertz, is 10 cycles per second. You are possibly confusing Hertz with Decibels.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz
    “The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the SI unit of frequency defined as the number of cycles per second of a periodic phenomenon.”

  36. The real difficulty in this experiment is keeping the sharks immobile.

  37. Wm. Ballough Says:

    Give the intern who wrote this story a break. He or she is not a regular paid physics reporter, and obviously did not have the benefit of an editor.

  38. There is a connection between NDE’s and quantum physics and the holographic universe that has never been adequately explained away to me. Near death experiencers routinely describe their experiences in terms that can only be called “holographic” and they also say things that seem to parallel things I’ve read about quantum physics. I find that very evidential. There is no way that a housewife from Kansas or an uneducated truck driver from South Georgia would know or understand anything about quantum physics or the holographic nature of the universe.

    People who have NDE’s routinely talk about overwhelming feelings of oneness and connectedness, feeling like they are everywhere in the universe at once, time and space not existing, buildings that are “made out of knowledge”, 360 degree vision, seeing colors they’ve never seen before, hearing sounds that they haven’t heard in this physical universe, and during the life review seeing their whole lives flash by in an instant (bolus of information)and feeling the emotions and feelings of the people they interacted with (the life review is a holographic experience par excellence), and how the other side will feel even more real to us than this side does, and feeling the feelings and hearing the thoughts of the people they interacted with. I find these things to be very evidential because it parallels things I’ve read about in popular physics books.

    There is quite a bit of evidence from physics and near death experiences that our so called physical universe is some kind of strange holographic projection. The implications of this are enormous. The blurriness of a holographic projection explains why it is that so many near death experiencers say that the other side will feel even more real to us than this side does, and how it could be “realer than real” or “more consciousness than normal.” Near death experiencers also say that it will feel even more real to us than this side does. I’m thinking that the place we call “heaven” is actually the original film from where our universe is projected from.

    Mark Horton’s NDE
    http://www.mindspring.com/~scottr/nde/markh.html

  39. ““So a question: if I recall correctly, there were some physicists who pulsed light through cesium, and achieved something on the order of 300 times the speed of light. ”

    You recall incorrectly. If the speed of light was indeed broken, I’m absolutely certain everyone here would know about it by now.”

    Brycemeister, Techni:

    What is commonly referred to as the speed of light (the “c” in Einstein’s famous equation, approx 186,282 miles per second) is actually the speed of light while traveling through a vacuum. While traveling through a different medium (such as air or water) the speed is different, typically slower.

    I also recall reading about an experiment where light traveled faster than “c” by being pushed through some exotic medium, but it didn’t truly break the “faster than light” constraint because it wasn’t going through a vacuum. Don’t remember more details; I guess it’s google time…

    A form of quantum tunnelling is used in flash memory.

    If you want to consider the possibilities of faster-than-light, check out quantum entanglement. Whether it can ever be applied in a practical way to have real FTL is anybody’s guess.

  40. Subject #18545763577 knows too much.

    TERMINATE

  41. As I recall the results of the Aspect experiment, they could not have obtained those without exceeding the speed of light. The experiment pitted locality against quantum Physics and quantum physics won.

    I also wondered about that “mind boggling” hypothesis. I hope he has more ducks in line than it appears from that statement.

  42. Curiously, if there proves to be no “Z” axis in the known universe, along which “direction” will lie the X/Y Plane?

  43. Not a wierdo Says:

    @Art: I think the point in time when all your senses, consciousness, and memory suffers systemic failure is the worst possible moment to use for experiential evidence. And no, the consistency of the experience is unsurprising to me. It’s as consistent as the fact that every adult is self-aware.

    Now, how are the splitter and the mirrors going to be so precisely corrected that the only possible variance comes from space-time? Similarly, is it normal to be able to guarantee a complete vacuum in those arms? What it one beam hits a particle that the other doesn’t?

  44. continuousvariable Says:

    If I follow a light ray with my eye from the sun to the ground, hasn’t my visual field traveled faster than the speed of light? Haven’t I then “looked” from one position to another faster than light can travel? Wouldn’t that mean we “think” (or perhaps percieve?) faster than the speed of light all the time?

  45. So what is the speed of dark?

  46. As I recall the results of the Aspect experiment, they could not have obtained those without exceeding the speed of light. The experiment pitted locality against quantum Physics and quantum physics won.

    No. Quantum mechanics does not permit the transmission of information faster than light. If the Universe really did obey classical physics, and you had to fake a quantum phenomenon, you’d have to use faster-than-light communication, but the Universe isn’t classical.

  47. So what is the speed of dark?

    Well, it has to be faster than the speed of light; otherwise, the dark couldn’t get out of the way.

  48. speed of dark = Says:

    -c

  49. @continuousvariable: The light ray you are “following with your eye from the sun to the ground” might be better stated as a light ray “from the sun” that you follow “from your eye to the ground”. The light you perceive optically has already been traveling for several minutes from the sun to reach your eye. When you glance at the ground, you are actually observing the reflection of a different light ray.

    However, your question about thinking faster than light is valid to ask. I know from personal experience that sometimes as I transition from sleep to wakefulness, I am able for a brief time, to see individual segments of the 7-segment LEDs in my alarm clock lighting in cycle, rather than the “complete” digit.

    I’m not claiming to be thinking faster than light, rather just faster than 60 Hz. But your question about the speed of thought is well-taken, and has been undertaken by others.

    @Not a wierdo:
    That point in time is perfect if you are looking for experiential evidence from an NDE. I agree that there is possibility of data corruption, but while the consistency of experience is not surprising, I think Art was asking, “What is the nature of consistency?”

    I believe this research into the holographic will reveal more about our relationship to the spiritual realm, and intelligent design.

  50. Lasers were already invented by the Germans during WW2 and used to enrich uranium for their atomic weapon program.

    There is declassified material from the ’80s which describes a discussion between German scientists about this.

    See the research of Joseph P. Farrell..

  51. @ notaweirdo: “@Art: I think the point in time when all your senses, consciousness, and memory suffers systemic failure is the worst possible moment to use for experiential evidence. And no, the consistency of the experience is unsurprising to me. It’s as consistent as the fact that every adult is self-aware.”

    Consider the possibility that the mind is not the builder of a coherent subjective experience, but instead a filter. The brain senses the hum of the refrigerator, but does us the favor of not passing it to the conscious level. The better the filter is working, the less information we receive. Holistic or self-recurving kinds of experiences aren’t helpful for the physical survival of the body. Of what practical value is it to realize an attacking lion is only a holographic projection arising from the same information field from which I arise? None. So it is conceivable that as the brain starts to fail and the filtering breaks down, we are open to experiences that might actually have some basis in reality. Perhaps at a subconscious level we have access to holographic experiences, but our brain does us a favor and filters it out.

    Or, consider all of the quantum phenomena we just have to accept despite their not making sense to our rational mind. There are certainly areas where our rational mind is getting in the way of itself.

  52. Hz is not a log scale, but the ear cannot practically resolve one beat at 20K, even if we register it on some level, like the retina sparking on one photon. Most ppl reading this will hear up to about 17K. So the figure in the article is an estimate, not everyone hears the same.

  53. I beg to disagree,

    The earth is a component of the Milky Way, our galaxy, therefore, it is permeated, contained within a mass, namely, matter. After studying Einstein’s theory of special relativity, we conclude that the space among these bodies is curved.

    Upon deeper reflection of the components of matter, we realize that its constituents, namely, subatomic particles are held in clusters due to attraction and repulsion given a total of seventeen dimensions. See Brian Green String Theory Super String Theory and Beyond Cambridge University Prsss http://books.google.com/books?id=-dlwLWaqlb0C&pg=PA158&dq=string+theory+and+d-brane+dynamics&hl=en&ei=v71wTLKWK8G88gbq-JHfCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=string%20theory%20and%20d-brane%20dynamics&f=false

  54. Sorry – a load of speculative rubbish. I suppose – like Health & Safety Inspectors – these people have to think of something to do with the time that someone else is paying for.

    It’s like ghosts, aliens and indeed God. When you have some evidence – ANY TEENSY-WEENSY BIT MIGHT HELP – then get back to me.

  55. If successful this experiment will surely prove that the world is flat, The bible is correct that God created the universe in 7 days and that once over the edge of the horizon we can lift back the shroud of reality and see the pixelated nature of the universe as it is all generated and then projected on a two dimensional machine from God’s Computer laboratory. When I first heard the analogy to a computer generated universe I had no idea what a concrete notion it was for it’s author. Hopefully the experiment will not prove to be a pre-determined conclusion. The reason I say this is I fear that the experimental controls do not exist except by definition. There is nothing natural about the generation of a laser beam and one that split or two separate ones can generate a stereo effect between them or the noise that may be detected may just be form the digital mechanics of how they are generated or even due to the temperature of the mirrors and lens involved. Calibration of such an instrument to give it a control factor that is no just an arbitrary setting on say an old fashioned analog dial is a difficult adjustment. The next problem is that no two angles in geometry are going to be exactly in perfect alignment just because two points can be as much as an agitated electron width in distance off the exact angle just because a couple of stray photons. That could give you just enough interference to plant what is being sought in the experiment before having tried it out yielding a foregone conclusion. If by happy accident the experiment fails and something accidental is discovered it might then be a greater success. It may also be a mistake to test this theory with the present theory and understanding of the nature of photons because photons are automatically deemed to control the nature of space time with their constant speed in a vacuum and the definition of net mass attributed to each one. Any mistake in the assumptions tells us that more likely the data coming from observing areas in space where super massive black holes are supposed to reside tells me that there is intervening material in space that probably blocks direct access to the photon transmissions observed here on earth. So far as i am concerned the third dimensions is actually just the same as the second dimensions because we are dealing with point and then point to point and yet another point to point. The 4th dimension is space time which is the same as distance-time. Time is then just a measurement of distance with two separate meters and not one. Einstein understood that his frames of reference were between say regular spaces in the train tracks under the train in motion verses the motion of hands on an analog watch on the wrist of the observer. This new experiment is not really that new after all even if it is thought to be more accurate as per the measurements made by a laser clock is still lacking yet another third frame of reference to observe it in. It is also lacking a control or series of control devices in the experiment as earlier stated to prevent it from becoming a foregone conclusion and then a suspect hypothesis. Now If I am wrong beware. The US Military should see this as vital technology because ultimately if proof is attained that the reality is a fanciful projection of reality and even an illusion of the third dimension then it is possible to use that as underlying theory to develop all new technologies to deprive the enemy in war of reality. Without a third dimension there can not be bomb blasts nor guns firing. That could be a really exciting prospect. I suspect the experiment is a waste of time and money until the experimental control process guarantees that any anomaly discovered is due to experimental cause and effect and not just because of no confirmation of controls in the experiment that prevent infinite margins of error.

  56. Does this mean that David Icke could have been right all along?

  57. This guy is a couple of thousand years late, in Bhagavad Gita this information was presented in a poetical form and therefore never taken seriously by the scientific community.

    Strange how self-proclaimed superior intelects are never clever enough to recognize a truly superior concept.

  58. @Lex Loeb: On the eighth day, God created the paragraph break.

  59. Raymond Kilburn Says:

    I really hate it when people use Wikipedia as a source of facts about ANYTHING.

  60. Matt Campasano Says:

    If the Universe is a hologram, and everything that ever was, is and ever will be is all the same, then objective reality is not real. If all that is true, then the force is real, and I plan to master it. I’m building my midi-chlorians as we speak. I will be the one, the only, Jedi master.

    May the force be with you.

  61. the wikipedia says:
    Dennis Gabor CBE, FRS (original Hungarian name: Gábor Dénes; 5 June 1900 – 8 February 1979) was a Hungarian-British[1] electrical engineer and inventor, most notable for inventing holography, for which he later received the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physics.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Gabor

  62. @Brycemeister, Techni, et al

    The experimental results involving Cesium seem to imply the FTL transfer of information due to mechanics related to quantum entanglement. The photons themselves do not travel faster than light; rather, the photons’ information is transmitted.

  63. to mr. hogan personally !

    our eyes in fact are working like camera lenses and they dont have the capacity to see space. !!! space is created by the mind which works like a computer. in fact people who have stoped this false activity of the mind are reporting that they perceive the world as total flat. in fact we never see 3 dimensional because it simply never existed. first all my friends who read this, check your eyes.what they truly are, and what they can truly do, than look again. if einstein would be here, i would kill his theory in a second. good luck, for more information you can contact me.because my eyes see flat and there was a time they created space.

  64. Floobish 10xcsn Says:

    The goldenhorn experiment in the late 1920′s pointed to this idea.
    Then Einstein poo-pooed it out of existance

  65. What is it about articles like these that bring out all the new-age wacknuts who claim that it proves some 90,000 year old proverb written by the all-knowing ancient ones? Yikes. Take a physics class or five people, please.

    Anyway, it will be fascinating to see what the result of this experiment is, and if it can be verified by later experiments. It’s always exciting when something crazy about the universe can be verified in a lab.

  66. whoever said “speed of dark” u will go far either in humour/politics/drug use. tia

  67. Could the universe be a big video game? Consider the tech for modern video games which only use sight and audio will surely someday include full immersion of all the senses.
    First person games are embryonic at what, 20yrs old or so?
    I believe video games will evolve into ‘experiences’ where one can plug-in and be whatever they want. Experience whatever they want.
    And currently, first person 3d-games are two dimensional mathematical algorithms projected into simulated three dimensionality…sight and sound for now.
    Interestingly, like the universe, games only render/project what is necessary. In other words, like video games, the universe only renders when observed…
    Schrodinger’s Cat. Also video games break down into pixelation upon close inspection of texture maps….but this too is changing. Compare Castle Wolfenstein to say Project Offset.
    I also see this going from polygon driven to pure particle based simulation anyway, not unlike our own universe.
    In some ways, the worlds in first person 3D games are mini-universes in themselves. A subset of our universe. With similar albeit primitive laws of physics.
    Consider where this will be in say 200-400yrs. Imagine being born into such a simulation. Imagine investigating your surroundings, and coming up with all these theories of what drives this ‘universe’. Imagine realizing you are completely omnipotent in those surroundings. ;)
    So if the universe is indeed a holographic projection encoded as is implied, I wonder how it was encoded, and what is expressing the code. And I’m not speaking of a ‘god’, but for lack of better understanding…what is the projector?

  68. I think this article incorrectly attributes the Holographic Principle to Hogan. Leonard Susskind (along with Gerard T’Hooft) came up with the idea of the Holographic Universe while studying black holes (reference: The Black Hole War.) It seems Craig Hogan is the experimentalist verifying the theory.

  69. Hey Art, I am a housewife in Kansas and I take great exception to your remark.

  70. Well, no matter how much physics we have swallowed, giving credit to ancient cultures who have built closer to “creation” theories (i mean in time and actual connection to a more “spiritual” view of everything) would be an asset. Everybody knows that science is the superlativism of religion.

  71. What I want to know is, are they saying the Universe is “like” a hologram, that is, that the Universe is similar, by analogy, to a hologram? Or are they saying that the Universe IS a hologram? If we’re IN the hologram, obviously there must be something OUTSIDE of our hologram experience acting as the “laser” beams “projecting” the hologram. If not, use another analogy.

  72. As I recall the results of the Aspect experiment, they could not have obtained those without exceeding the speed of light. The experiment pitted locality against quantum Physics and quantum physics won.

    I also wondered about that “mind boggling” hypothesis. I hope he has more ducks in line than it appears from that statement.

  73. It’s all wrong. We are just a figment of somebody’s imagination.

  74. If spacetime is pixelated (or rather granular) it doesn’t imply the Cosmos is a hologram but rather that spacetime is made of something, the size of the granularity implying the size of the spacetime bits.

  75. Nicx is correct: Susskind & t’Hooft were the originators.
    However, ~18 mos. ago, one of the grav wave detectors, GEO600 was making science news. Seems they had detected this MegaHertz noise, & were trying to refine the measmt. It has dropped off the science media radar ever since. Now this.
    FANTASTIC ! Theoretical physics is languishing, despite the LHC, & it needs an experimental quantum leap desperately !
    Akin to the discovery of the CMB as noise in a microwave antenna, Hogan’s noise was predicted before it was noticed at GEO 600 or so the story goes. My question is: Why the new interferometer ? Was GEO not sensitive enough ? What happened to the GEO investigation ?

  76. Art, I am also from Kansas though not a housewife. Your narrow minded comments were used as if talking down from a pedestal to the multitudes who grovel below to absorb your intellectual blessings. Your observations are diluted by your insensitivity. I don’t usually involve myself in comment sections but in this case I will and I’m siding with Deborah on this. If you are trying to make a point why make your loudest statement an inconsiderate insult?
    This was a fascinating article that has caused quite a bit of reaction from the readers. Science is amazing and the people who further it’s boundaries are incredible assets to the human race.

  77. I think we shouldn´t waste money for the Holometer and wait till LISA, the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, gets up in space. They should rather upgrade LISA for this purpose and try detecting those frequencies in space.

  78. Believe it or not… the Buddha postulated this in his teachings on shunyata or emptiness 2500 years ago.

  79. It is certain that, should this hologram hypothesis prove to be true, all people are, in fact, as shallow as I’d thought.

  80. “For now we see through a glass, darkly, but then face to face: now I know in part; but then shall I know even as also I am known.” 1 Corinthians 13:12

    https://sites.google.com/site/walden60/

  81. @okuma; why wait for LISA – I don’t understand why we can’t use LIGO to act as a control, at the very least.

    The idea that the speed of light was “broken” in a lab, is, in fact true:
    http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2000/07/19/tech/main216905.shtml

    But it doesn’t mean what seems to be implied here; (tantamaount to; all the laws of the universe as we know them are suspect. . . anything goes. . . wheeeee!)

    Paradoxx’s interesting anaecdote about seeing his digital clock display flicker has some clinical basis, but I’m not going to cite – simply that in emerging from a different state of consciousness (sleep; or what was likely a delta or theta state), the brainwave frequencies very likely could be in the range of 3-5 Hz, and while all the photons from the display were hitting your retina, it may be that the neurons to process them weren’t firing continuously – so your flickering perception was probably a low-order harmonic of whatever frequency the controller chip was sending to the LED (probably *not* 60 Hz; those LED’s are driven by DC pulses coming out of a controller chip – how fast, really depends on the frequency of the chip, the LED, the desired brightness, etc). But I digress.

    But not really. It’s still a great example of how a non-continuous reality (the LED flicker) can be broken down into components when the brain’s phi-effect (or what’s now being called “short range apparent motion”) which normally “stitches it together” into what appears to be a continuous reality, is not functioning normally (ie. you’re transitioning from sleeping to waking, in this case).

    So; if the Holographic Theory is true, we may see that spacetime doesn’t really have a continuous, or even a 3 Dimensional character, but, instead, is composed of 2 dimensional components at the Plank scale. So now we will finally understand why after so many repeated attempts, the film industry fails, again and again, at going from 2D to 3D. But at least we’ll know that there is finally going to be an upper-limit on Television Screen resolutions.

  82. If our universe is a hologram, wouldnt that prove God exists?

  83. Maxpanic Says:
    October 29th, 2010 at 4:11 pm

    “If our universe is a hologram, wouldnt that prove God exists?”

    If the universe ISN’T a hologram, would it prove that God doesn’t exist?

    Still not clear to me if they (you know, “they”) mean the Universe is LIKE a hologram, or that the Universe IS a hologram. I don’t think they know, either.

  84. It now strikes me as funny that these big brained people, at these prestigious Universities and labs are attempting to find the answer to the puzzle of this reality, by creating tools based upon an incomplete dataset.
    They interpret the existing data and rehash it into their bias theories, spend billions building newer instruments to dissect the energy they see, into smaller and smaller pieces, never considering the whole picture.
    If they actually postulate that we are in a holographic universe, then how the heck can holocharacters who created holotools probe the bounderies of this HoloUniverse?
    It defies logic. They will find what ever the programming is set up to show them. They won’t find the truth.

  85. Actually, it would prove that the Matrix exists!

  86. PlopInThe PunchBowl Says:

    A 2-D Universe? Yeh, that makes a lot of sense, considering I’m surrounded by Luddites all day long. Here’s one for you geniuses to ponder – time is an artifact of mass. No mass – no time. Think about that, glasshoppah.

  87. This looks like the Michelson-Moorely (sp?) experiment done at a more sensitive level. It may prove the existence of a physical electromagnetic medium–something comprised of things as much smaller than quarks as quarks are compared to the expanse of large systems of galaxies.

    The time-space continuum curving belief is self-contradicting when you ask ‘In relation to what does it curve?’ If this experiment detects something, it could be a physical description of gravity–the medium of light.

  88. At last a physiciist doing a correct experiment.

    Of course the cosmos is digital and made entirely from data – what else could it possibly be except numbers?

  89. Physics hobbyists and coffee shop theorists are a riot. Keep the laughs coming, guys!

  90. The holometer will prove what I’ve always suspected, spacetime is bipolar. :-)

    Even so, it is MY hologram; MY reality.

  91. “nothing more than a fractal construct”

    Probably more, at least in the form of a potential.

    If something has the potential to be in all places at once, but can be demonstrated to be in more than one place simultaneously, then in ‘effect’ this could be called holographic (as a recorded representation of numerous light potentials), though that hardly describes the LACK of any notion of time involved in the instance.

    After all, holographs are recorded with multiple sources of light striking a subject and then hitting a sensitized medium at numerous angles simultaneously — essentially, a photograph of multiple streams of photons.

    That’s far different from an instance of the object itself occupying two or more places in space at the same ‘time’.

  92. Make only one long leg to the Interferometer.
    Source leg any length.
    Split source reference leg short.
    Detector leg long.
    Split detector reference leg short.

    What you are trying to achieve is,
    comparing the time delay difference
    of the short legs, to the time delay from a lone leg.

    An accelerated frame needs a time refference.
    Else they are near balance, and reduce or cancel differences.

  93. So if the mind is merely a 4D holographic ‘plate’ on which the xD interference pattern of the universe is resolved, is what we experience a vastly simplified translation of an insanely complex reality? So the success of the mind is to resolve the true nature of the universe into something we can understand and use for our own survival? Does this mean that there is some energy that we don’t know about that is refracting off the ‘actual’ universe to create an interference pattern?

  94. Samantha Atkins Says:

    Hologram or simulation? A quanta of spacetime could be due to the timing resolution of the computational system running this universe. This would certainly imply this universe was created at some level by highly powerful intelligence[s] for currently unknown reasons/purposes.

    What is the equivalent of light in this universe holographic projection if that is what it is? Is it light itself or something other? I think I need to read up or holograms.

  95. Thomas Fledrich Says:

    While I don’t see how the simulation hypothesis could be tested, except maybe by ruling out all other possible causes, I have an idea about the holographic one.

    If it is a projection, am I right that the blurring (i. e. the length of the noise) will increase linearly with distance, which in turn increases proportionally to time as the signal moves away from the source at light speed?
    Could we be able to observe this supposedly very small change in length with time?

    Another question: does the holographic universe theory predict noise explicitly at the length observed in the experiment?

  96. quantumirror Says:

    One principle of holograms is that if broken into pieces each piece of the hologram can construct the whole again. This would be a rather attractive property of a holographic theory of the Universe.

  97. Matter of Fact – I Think

    Do my thoughts matter, or not?
    The matter in reference, IS, the reference to the matter,
    which really does matter…

    Boiled water is steam then vapor. Then what?
    Matter! (E=mc2)

    Einstein would argue: “The only source of knowledge is experience.”
    Relate that to this reference of matter: What do you have?
    Thought…

    Well now…

    If matter is always matter, no matter what form matter may take
    (and by the way it does matter) then what is thought?
    Matter?
    Or not…

    Note:
    mat·ter
    Something that occupies space and can be perceived by one or more senses.
    A physical body, a physical substance, or the universe as a whole.
    Physics: Something that has mass and exists as a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma.
    A specific type of substance: inorganic matter.
    Discharge or waste, such as pus or feces, from a living organism.
    Philosophy: In Aristotelian and Scholastic use, which is in itself undifferentiated, and formless and which, as the subject of change and development, receives form, and becomes substance. The substance of thought or expression as opposed to the matter in which it is stated or conveyed.
    ~Dictionary.com

    Note2:
    Quit wasting your time… It does matter.
    Smile, be happy!

  98. The notion of a discrete or pixilated universe is due to H.S. Snyder, Quantized spacetime. Phys. Rev. 71, 38 (1947). If the points of a scalar field are merely the cross-sections of the pathways of oscillators external to our universe, we would be unable to detect them.

  99. Robert Lemasters Says:

    Nothing exists.

  100. This is all really interesting, but I do have one urgent curious question:

    If this means that this “reality” we’re experiencing is all just illussion (ie: just holographic), then how come it feels so REAL?
    Eg: being hungry is REAL isn’t it? Or is it just ‘holographic’?

    So all the theories aside, how can we explain this?..
    I’m curious.
    Thx.

  101. Niki

    This is a Zen koan.. ;)

  102. The history of a black hole is written or smeared upon it’s rippling surface, called the event horizon.
    The observable universe is just the rippling skin of the real universe.

    With each quantum tick of time the the skin or membrane of our universe gets bigger. Einstein tells us that the distinction between the past present and future is a stubbornly persistent illusion. This would suggest that the universe is like a set of Russian dolls nested inside of one another. They all exist but we are stepping from one to the next with every tick of time. From highly energetic and highly ordered to cold dark chaos. As it turns out this is the most likely outcome. 1/2/2011

  103. In 1952, David Bohm suggested a way to test the EPR paradox, (although only as a thought experiment), and in 1964, John Bell showed how this thought experiment might be carried out in reality. Finally in 1982, the experiment was successfully carried out in Paris by Alain Aspect and his colleagues. The experiment is a little complicated to get into, but the outcome proved to be a momentous point in the history of science. Of course you didn’t hear about this in newspapers or on the evening news and, unless you read science journals, you may have missed it altogether. However, the implications of this experiment have the potential to shake the very foundation of science itself and may be one of the reasons why it has been somewhat ignored.

    Aspect and his team found that under certain circumstances, subatomic particles such as electrons and photons are able to instantaneously communicate with each other regardless of the distance separating them, whether it’s 20 feet or 20 billion miles. Somehow each particle always seems to know what the other is doing. This, of course, violates the ultimate speed of the universe, the speed of light. It also shows that the universe has an interconnectedness that can’t be explained within the context of traditional physics. The important feature of these experiments is that they have directly detected nonlocality. Based on this finding, there is no need to invoke the collapse of the wave function or any other interpretation of quantum mechanics or indeed to accept quantum theory at all. What has been revealed as a fundamental truth about the universe is that there are correlations that take place instantaneously, regardless of the separation of the objects involved.

  104. Im not a scientist at all so apologies if this is just me being stupid but…
    If the universe is holographic then where/when was the ‘picture’ taken. Its got to have happened for ‘real’ somewhere/when so does this mean that all that is happening now has already happened and we are just a copy of it?

  105. A lot of interesting questions show up here!

    The whole enterprise is to understand reality, so yes, it is all about “real”. However, the separation into 3D space and time as we perceive it, and as physics usually divides it up, might be a kind of illusion or artifact of looking at things on a large scale. If you look very closely at tiny things, you might not perceive 3 dimensions, but only 2 plus one of time. We say that the third dimension is “emergent”. The world is like a 3D movie playing very fast. Another view of the theory is that it is like a 3D movie downloading at a limited bandwidth, about 10^44 bits per second.

  106. If a 5th dimensional superstring system is taken to underpin the quantum universe and is pico-dendritic, then dimensions operating outwith the 4th (time) could avail instantaneous data transmission at the quantum level via intermediation/translation by ultrasound resonance (afterall, what distances would likely be involved in such download/upload scenarios?).

  107. Wizards Sleeve Says:

    @ flek: I’m glad I read through before commenting myself as I feel that we are viewing this from a similar stance.

    No answers here from me but hopefully we can raise some new questions…

    Plato… had his shadows.
    Descartes… had a brain suspended in a jar being fed impulses.

    PI… is transcendental (infinite)
    Fractals… recursive, limited only by the constraints of the set being plotted.

    Now, if Moore’s law holds true and the quantum (qubit) processors of tomorrow allow us to run simulations using data sets in equal size to our own universe (on a particle based world, not pixel) – then we will be (for want of a better word) ‘God’ to this creation (and whatever inhabitants it may yield).

    Likewise, the fractal analogy continues – as what is to prevent the ‘simulated’ universe from evolving to create its own quantum computer? Again, this could go on ‘ad infinitum’.

    Now before I get flamed by those who feel the ‘encoding’ of the simulated universe will have even ‘fuzzier’ boundaries than our own and that this prevents the paradox of a ‘box within a box’ from occurring, consider this…

    Light… is neither a particle nor a wave (simultaneously being both and neither) – until one views it with the respective apparatus.
    Data compression… Lossy (think fuzzy boundaries) v’s Loss-less.
    Data sets… A simple chess board has more permutations of movements then there are sub-atomic particles in the universe.

    I’m not claiming enough proof exists to validate the articles’ postulations, but I feel that it certainly deserves serious consideration. Perhaps we truly do live in a multi-dimensional universe. Also, rather than overlapping neatly (like a Venn diagram) and interacting (at some level) simultaneously with one another – instead, it uses (like the entangled particle pair… let’s not argue over whether it *really* is/isn’t FTL) another dimension to transmit/mute that information with no manifold that we can detect or plot mathematically. Maybe some dimensions overlap/interact – like the four we humans *perceive* – maybe some dimensions don’t. Maybe some have a symmetric pair, maybe some don’t etc.

    In the example I and flek discuss – the super computer would be the boundary manifold between our universe and the next, but what is to prevent us (the master) from crossing it? Likewise if they (the subjects) were to decode the ‘matrix’, would they be able to traverse it into ours? If it were possible to create an I/O data stream- then even a *physical* proxy could be configured (think ‘Avatar’). Could this be applied to the reality we *exist* within to see beyond the boundaries of our own space/time configuration?

    Final thought: If we built enough supercomputers to run multiple simulations based on multiple laws of physics would that validate the existence of a ‘Multiverse’? If we took it a step further and every permutation of reality was simulated – would we fulfil the requirements of an ‘Omniverse’?

  108. I barely got through the article’s rambling then I was subjected to the conjecture, speculation, and misguided information of the comments. Wikipedia as a reliable source of information? I can write what I want in there, no more Wikipedia.

    The answer to the question of holographic universe is actually answered in math currently. True we are looking for gravitons and gravity waves now. Susskind presents a great mathematical model for the holographic universe, and above all, it needs to be accepted as just that for now. Yes, the model addresses a lot of things (like the coexistence of string theory in the “real” world and quantum theory in the “holographic” realm.

    Instead of adding to this maelstrom of misguided speculation, guessing, oversimplified statements and even stereotypes, I am going to wait until the math is verified and the theory can be brought to reality. There are other theories, and all that jump into the holographic boat are welcome to, but when the truth becomes known through experimental verification, I want to be on the right one.

    So, read up, keep an open mind and listen.

  109. Instead of bashing wiki and those that use it why don’t you do something useful like correct it.

    The nice thing about wiki is that it’s not limited to one source in one book. I;ll use history books as the example. The history that we were all taught is largely wrong…and those wrong books continue to be used today.

    Wiki is the way of the future people. Embrace it now or become dinosaurs.

  110. Where does matter come from?…

    The problem may be because there is no technology that enables authentication for all these consequences. Actually there is research that seems to lead to this understanding. But there is no agreement and hopefully one day will prove these truth: there…

  111. Where does matter come from?…

    Perhaps there is no technology to prove this, but perhaps some research has been or will be asserted as what I mean. Some things that are consequences of some of myanswers, like, There is only one time for all the time, Reality and illusion are the sam…

  112. Mark Jamison Says:

    March 22, 2011

    An interesting read today was found on the topic of Spin in an electron. Scientists studying the properties of graphene, as it was related to the up and down spin of an electron found out that spin happened from the fabric of space-time itself. It showed that space-time was not smooth, but much like a checkerboard. This finding might help to prove how dark matter and dark energy interacts with normal matter and energy creating the illusion of a 3D holographic universe

  113. It appears some of the simulated entities within the holo-projection have begun to discern their true nature within the projected holo-matrix. Interesting. Continue to run the simulation and let’s see how much further they can evolve before we delete them…

  114. Just a thought, but if all stuff and everything we know is indeed ‘holographic’, then how can any equipment be created accurate and sensitive enough to detect any proposed ‘pixelisation’ when the equipment will also be holographic and therefor directly inhibited by the very same pixelisation?

    I may have missed the point totally of course so don’t shoot me down, but it’s something I’ve been wondering since I first heard about this!

  115. Is there a way to ask Craig Hogan something?
    I have been “developing” (my developing doesn’t include math, I’m bad at it) one theory that could explain a lot of thing and some so far unexplained. It’s to long to post it here so is there is a chance u could get some contact (preferably e-mail) information of professor Hogan so I could sent it to him?

  116. Jock Bliss Says:

    As Charles Fort Said, “Anything proves anything.”
    Alas, some semi-scientific types think that if some philosopher or mystic propounded it long ago, it must be non-sense. (And maybe it is.) William Blake (the English poet, for the barbarians who never read :”Through the Looking Glass” and similar mysteries) wrote, “There is no body, apart from the soul. The body is merely that part of the soul which can be perceived by the senses five.”
    Indeed, a holographic universe.
    Another interesting speculation is that the universe itself grows and changes as our intellects and capabilities grow.
    The world actually was flat until it was more intellectually stimulating to perceive it as round; and the sun was the center of the universe until it was more intellectually fruitful for us to imagine it as something different.
    A holograph that changes as we need it to change.
    How’s that for “New Age” crap for those of limited intellectual capabilities and imagination?

  117. Zeno’s paradoxes about motion were reductio ad absurdum arguments for a granular,digital universe, i.e., no infinitely-divisible line segments in the real world.

  118. Well, this is what happens when physicists play to be mathematicians, rather than doing physics.

    If I got it right all our “reality” would be defined in 2D. Our universe and thus ourselves live in a plane. Our universe is thinner than a sheet of paper and our perception of microscopic and macroscopic properties of matter come from “zooming in an area”.

    Sorry, guys, I think that, like the quote says, you should “wake up and smell the coffee”. You are running so deep into physics that your forgot data and common sense.

    Remember Einstein´s principle of causality?

    MAybe the universe CAN BE EXPLAINED by using a math model that defines it as a 2D structure, but saying “the universe is a hologram” is bullcrap. Even when the math model is consistent, it does not address reality itself. Math has stopped its concern about explaining reality a long time ago (i´d say that happened with the 3rd fall of the plato´s ideal of knowledge).

    Euclides, Gauss and Riemann´s maths are consistant, all of them are valid, yet they have absolutely different axioms.

    MAth is dedicated to creating hypothesis and proving them, not to exploring the “real” world. If a math model does not have incongruencies and paradoxes it may be accepted, even if it said that black is white.

    I think these guys at Fermilab should work in more useful things.

    Paraphrasing Einstein: “Since the mathematicians have invaded the theory of relativity, I do not understand it myself anymore.”

  119. Time is only a subjective perspective generated in a conspiracy by the manufactures of Time-Space. It’s only real purpose is to prevent everything from happening all at once. Without time, monthly issues of PS transmitted on the web at the speed of light would be no faster than hand delivery to your door. This allows the hawking of monthly issues to sentient beings, forced to experience a linear existence. As you sit back to kill some time reading an article, it occurs to you that the killing of time is really the killing of you. I just love the smell of fossils in the morning!,,,,it Smells like an millennium and an epoch.

  120. Uhm, it seems to me that the apparatus would pick up the motion of atoms before it would pick up the motion at the pixel limit of reality – the entire apparatus is in motion at the atomic level, and the only way I know of to cancel that is to freeze the whole thing to something like -450 degrees, which stops even the atoms from moving.

    My own thought experiments in this area are as follows…
    If one were to travel far enough away from a star that not even a single photon from that star was detectable, 1) You have found the lowest resolution of the universe and 2) Since you are now in a segment of the universe which holds no representation of that star (not even a photons worth), does the star actually still exist?

    And I have no idea if one could ever actually go far enough from a star that light from it would not exist – but it makes for good food for thought.

  121. I still don’t get why we are looking for gravitons and gravity waves – didn’t we all sort of buy off on einsteins warped and curved space theories?

    i.e. Gravity is not transmitted from point to point, rather gravity is a feature caused by the warping of space around large masses.

    One of the only questions I have regarding the warping of space is – Is space warped around a planet or is the planet made up of twisted and compressed space (which causes the warping)? For a visual example of this, imagine a towel laid out flat – you put a dowel or something in the center of the towel and spin it. The towel represents space – is the planet like the ball of towel at the end of the dowel or is the planet something other than space/time?

  122. The last time I looked somewhat indirectly into the question of an “ultimate” resolution for space-time, I was presented with the quantum-foam idea. I’m still regarding this as a fashionable way of looking at very much non-empty “empty space.” Am I then behind the times?

    Regards the confusion of the nature of Hz(linear measure, which it is, vs logarithmic… which it isn’t) it might be a confusion of decibels (which are log) and HZ.

    I’m a bit confused regards the physics of producing a one million Hz audio tone. I can’t imagine anything producing such a tone and a medium for propagating it in, but I am also not able to imagine that there is something that makes it in theory a possibility. Just a question that might not be all that sensible that has occurred to me.

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