US manufacturer passes superconducting cavity benchmark

September 30, 2009 | 12:05 pm

This story first appeared in Fermilab Today on September 30, 2009.

For the first time, a superconducting radio frequency cavity made by a US manufacturer passed the gradient benchmark required for the proposed International Linear Collider.

Advanced Energy Systems Inc. of Medford, NY, produced the nine-cell niobium cavity, which achieved an acceleration gradient of 41 megavolts per meter, surpassing the 35 megavolts per meter benchmark, during tests earlier this month at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility in Newport News, Virginia.

The accelerating gradient is a measure of how much an accelerator can increase a particle’s energy over a certain distance. Future accelerators, like the ILC, aim to achieve the highest possible gradient to build shorter, and hence cheaper, machines.

AES president Tony Favale said a new treatment process, in which Jefferson Lab baked the cavities at higher temperatures for less time, might have contributed to better results. Baking the cavities removes hydrogen from the niobium.

“They always said our welds were beautiful, but having a beautiful weld doesn’t mean it will pass the test,” Favale said. “Maybe it’s the higher temperatures. We can’t wait to see how the next cavities test.”

Fermilab, which purchased the cavity from AES, plans to install it in a cryomodule planned for construction in 2010, said Mark Champion, SRF development department head in Fermilab’s Technical Division. The proposed ILC will require 16,000 superconducting cavities.

AES has produced 10 cavities so far, eight of which have been processed and tested. The qualifying cavity is the eighth built by AES. The ninth cavity also performed well, topping out just below the benchmark, at 34 megavolts per meter.

“The excellent performance of the latest AES cavity is encouraging,” said Bob Kephart, director for Fermilab’s ILC program. “It is an important step for US industry to become competitive manufacturers of SRF components.”

Three other North American manufacturers—Niowave, of Lansing, Mich., Roark, of Brownsburg, Ind., and PAVAC Industries Inc., of British Columbia, Canada—will provide their first cavities to Fermilab in 2010.

by Chris Knight

Symmetry Intern

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ATLAS detector installed—in five minutes

September 30, 2009 | 10:05 am

A new video from the ATLAS experiment at CERN condenses six years of detector installation into less than six minutes. The video, which uses footage from eight Webcams and photography of the installation process in the detector’s underground cavern, can be found on ATLAS’ multimedia site and YouTube in one, three, and five minute versions.

The construction and installation process of the ATLAS detector took about twelve years and involved 169 ATLAS institutions worldwide. Over the course of the installation, nearly 50,000 webcam still photographs were taken. CERN’s Josiane Uwantege was responsible for connecting and editing these images to create the video. Uwantege’s past experience working with video editing had not entirely prepared her for the rigorous batch editing required for the Webcam footage. However, she was able to achieve the harmony between stills that she desired and by creating emphasis with specific photos, created a coherent and vibrant narrative of the detector’s installation.

“When you start, you don’t know what at the end you really have,” reflects Uwantege of the editing process. She is pleased with the results and happy to have participated in the video project, “It is a good project because everyone has heard about the ATLAS detector but they don’t have any idea how it was constructed.” This video provides a little insight into that process.

The video was the idea of ATLAS outreach and technical coordinators Michael Barnett and Marzio Nessi, as a media aid for news and lecture purposes. The project’s coordinator Claudia Marcelloni observes that it is a unique use of the Webcam footage, which is the most popular feature of ATLAS’ website.

by Daisy Yuhas

Symmetry Intern

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Particle physics lab to help aid earthquake engineering network

September 29, 2009 | 10:26 am

This article first appeared in Fermilab Today Sept. 22.

A screenshot of a computer simulation of the 1906 earthquake that shook the San Francisco Bay Area. The red areas indicate the most intense shaking. Image courtesy of NEES and USGS.

A screenshot of a computer simulation of the 1906 earthquake that shook the San Francisco Bay Area. The red areas indicate the most intense shaking. Image courtesy of NEES and USGS.

By partnering with a network of earthquake engineering research sites, Fermilab could ultimately help to reduce the losses caused by earthquakes and tsunamis.

The George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation, or NEES, is a consortium of 14 research equipment sites committed to sharing both information and equipment. They share the common goal of modeling and simulating earthquakes, tsunamis, and their effects on human-made structures.

On Oct. 1, the new NEES Community and Communications Center, or NEEScomm, will open its doors at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Ind., thanks to a $105 million grant from the National Science Foundation.

“The large physics experiments have a lot of experience in terms of technical collaborations between the universities’ researchers and engineers,” said Ruth Pordes, associate head of Fermilab’s Computing Division. “We can bring that experience to the table.”

Pordes will contribute a few weeks of work each year to NEES by serving on NEES’ project advisory committee and chairing the project’s community collaboration subcommittee. In those capacities, she works to build synergy with related projects in cyberinfrastructure, site operations, and educational outreach.

Collaborations, such as Open Science Grid, which has members at many NEES institutions, help to bridge the divide that can exist between groups at a given institution. Pordes, who also holds a leadership role in OSG, wants to make those collaborations stronger.

“I want to foster a direct connection between earthquake engineers in the engineering faculty and the other groups doing distributed data and computing at their universities,” Pordes said.

NEES isn’t the only one that benefits from this partnership. “The physics community and Fermilab benefit from the chance to demonstrate our physics technology in a broader setting,” Pordes said. “This is a practical technical way to do so.”

Miriam Boon

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Most precise measurement of the top quark mass

September 28, 2009 | 10:23 am

This story first appeared in Fermilab Today on September 24, 2009.

The cross marks the spot as the most likely value of the top quark mass. CDF scientists measure the top quark mass by calibrating a particle jet energy scale to match a known particle, the W boson.

The cross marks the spot as the most likely value of the top quark mass. CDF scientists measure the top quark mass by calibrating a particle jet energy scale to match a known particle, the W boson.

Fermilab is still the only place on Earth where physicists can produce top quarks in the laboratory. Physicists know the mass of the top quark quite well. However, they want to continue to improve this measurement since it is an important component in predicting the Higgs boson mass.

CDF experimenters have measured the top quark mass using a large data sample of events where the top quark decays into jets and electrons or muons. Some of the selected events are actually not from top quark decay but from other particles that mimic the process. Scientists at CDF use a neural network, software designed to mimic the thought process in the human brain to identify these events in order to compensate for them.

Because the top quark decays into jets of particles, the top quark mass measurement depends on the jet energy reconstruction. Physicists can calibrate this reconstruction by using the W boson, a particle of known mass. They derive the likelihood of the signal from theory calculations for each event for many values of the top mass and the jet energies. By using this technique, scientists can simultaneously calibrate the jet energy and extract the most likely top mass from the distribution of data.

A total of 630 selected top quark pairs in 4.3 inverse femtobarns of collected data yield the final result for the top mass: m_top = 172.64 +- 1.58 GeV/c2. The result of this analysis is the most precise single measurement of the top quark mass so far, truly making it a tip-top analysis.

View the public Web page for the top mass result.

By Craig Group for the CDF collaboration

Guest author

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Funding through Fermilab for long-baseline neutrino research

September 28, 2009 | 10:13 am

This story originally was published in Fermilab Today on August 28, 2009.

Fermilab will use Recovery Act funds to order the preliminary design of underground and surface structures needed for a long-baseline neutrino experiment.

Fermilab will use Recovery Act funds to order the preliminary design of underground and surface structures needed for a long-baseline neutrino experiment.

Fermilab is calling on engineering firms, locally and nationally, to create preliminary designs for a future neutrino experiment.

The US Department of Energy has provided Fermilab with $9 million in funds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act for the project at different stages of its approval and design. The laboratory is currently spending the funds on preliminary design.

“This is an opportunity to send money into the technical community outside the laboratory,” said Regina Rameika, a Fermilab scientist who is coordinating the design efforts.

The long-baseline neutrino project, which could begin construction as early as five years from now, will place a particle detector at great depth underground to study neutrinos from an intense beam generated several states away.

Researchers from six American laboratories and more than two dozen universities, most in the United States, have proposed plans to generate an intense beam of neutrinos at Fermilab and to place the detector in the Homestake Gold Mine near Lead, South Dakota. It would be the world’s deepest underground laboratory, hosting experiments as deep as 8000 feet underground.

Neutrinos are the most abundant but perhaps least understood particles in our galaxy. Scientists hope to observe the neutrinos changing from one type to another as they travel.

Studying a neutrino beam at two locations a large distance apart gives the neutrinos adequate time and space to change. Placing detectors below layers of earth and rock shields them from other particles that approach the Earth from space.

“The Recovery Act funding allows us to advance the design by making use of expertise in the engineering community,” Rameika said. “If this project gets approved, down the road, there will be big civil construction contracts which will continue to support the economy.”

Visit Fermilab’s Recovery Act Web site.

Kathryn Grim

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Cryogenics makes good neighbors

September 25, 2009 | 7:30 am

 JLab cryo group  members beginning the process of pulling out the failed unit so they can install the Fermilab unit. Courtesy of JLab.

JLab cryo group members beginning the process of pulling out the failed unit so they can install the Fermilab unit. Courtesy of JLab.

It wasn’t like ringing the door bell and asking to borrow a cup of sugar, but it was close.

In August, Jefferson Lab asked Fermilab to pack up its backup turbine for its cryogenics refrigeration unit and send it halfway across the country. Jefferson Lab’s primary turbine was in Europe for normal wear-and-tear repair, overhaul, and design modification, and its spare turbine had just failed.  The options were to lose countless hours of laboratory experiment time while the backup was sent to Europe for repair, or ask a friend for a favor.

Fermilab agreed to help, running the risk of its own equipment failure while its spare was loaned out.

The loan of the highly delicate and complicated turbine went off as sweetly as if the two national laboratories had been sharing a white picket fence. It serves as  the first success to come from a push for increased collaboration that arose when  the two laboratory’s senior engineers began chatting  about their identical cryogenics refrigerators at the Particle Accelerator Conference in Vancouver in May. It is estimated that a handful or fewer of the  more than three-decade-old refrigerators remain operational across the globe.

“Those turbines are essential for the production of liquid helium and take a long time to repair,” says Ruben Carcagno, Fermilab’s technical division head of tests and instrumentation. “They spin at over 2000 revolutions per second, so you need a very fancy mechanical device to sustain that rate without getting damaged. It is not like it is easy to find a similar machine.”

“I took their request very seriously,” Carcagno says.

Fermilab's spare turbine. Courtesy of JLab.

Fermilab's spare turbine. Courtesy of JLab.

Both laboratories specialize in testing superconducting magnets and cavities, some of which could be used in the proposed International Linear Collider, Project X, or another next-generation accelerator.  Working in the small, specialized field of SRF research and development has brought the laboratories closer. Jefferson Lab tests some of Fermilab’s SRF cavities, and both laboratories use the same rare refrigeration unit model.  Sharing know-how and parts helps both laboratories and saves taxpayers money.

“Fermilab and Jefferson Lab had previously collaborated before with Jefferson Lab providing Fermilab with large helium gas vacuum pumps that support 2-kelvin operation in Fermilab’s test facility,” Arenius says. ”This is another great example of continued cooperation between our two experienced cryogenic system groups.  Fermilab responded very quickly to our need.”

Within 24-hours of the call for help, Fermilab had crafted a hand-made shipping crate filled with padding, drafted an agreement with Jefferson Lab to get the spare back immediately in the rare chance Fermilab’s cryogenics system failed, too,  and put the turbine in the overnight mail to Virginia.

“Cryogenics is a basic utility, not unlike cooling water or electric power, supporting the research of both laboratories.  The ability to exchange cryogenic technical information and equipment loans in times of need benefits each laboratory and the DOE mission,” said Dana Arenius, Jefferson Lab’s cryogenic engineering group leader.  “We certainly look forward to when we can return the favor.”

Fermilab hopes that Jefferson Lab will do that by offering its advice to help Fermilab upgrade its cryogenics system in the Industrial Building 1 Test Facility to support increased cavity testing.

Jefferson Lab operates and maintains the Central Helium Liquefier, the world’s largest 2-kelvin refrigerator. Its cryogenics staff also was lauded by peers in 2006 for innovations that saved the lab $1000 a day on cooling costs. The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Lab and the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Lab have already benefited from these innovations through collaborations with Jefferson Lab.

“Jefferson Lab is very experienced and skilled with cryogenics systems, and we thought we could have them critique our plans,” said Carcagno.

As well as upgrading the cryogenics at the cavity test area, Fermilab plans to build a new cryogenics plant near the New Muon Lab onsite to allow for testing of  larger strings of  cryomodules, which contain and cool cavities. Together, these projects  will provide the resources and capacity to position Fermilab to design, test and assemble a steady stream of components for the proposed ILC and Project X, officials have said.

– Tona Kunz and Kandice Carter

Guest author

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Bringing power to the International Linear Collider

September 24, 2009 | 10:26 am

Accelerator physicists Chris Adolphsen and Chris Nantista with a diagram of the coaxial tap off. Photo by Nicholas Bock.

Accelerator physicists Chris Adolphsen and Chris Nantista with a diagram of the coaxial tap off. Photo by Nicholas Bock.

Measuring more than 30 kilometers, the proposed International Linear Collider would be the longest particle accelerator in the ever built, providing physicists a better view of subatomic world than ever before achieved.

But becoming the biggest isn’t easy. The ILC’s unprecedented scale presents plenty of challenges, and more than 200 labs and institutions around the world are collaborating to make it work. At SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, accelerator physicists Chris Adolphsen and Chris Nantista are working on one point that has proven to be particularly prickly: figuring out how to provide the accelerator with the power needed to drive the machine’s high-energy particle collisions.

At most linear accelerators, this power is provided by klystrons—devices that generate radio frequency waves to propel charged particles from one end of an accelerator cavity to the other. Klystron technology itself is nothing new. It has been around for nearly 70 years, and used in particle accelerators for almost as long. In the meantime, labs around the world have come up with no shortage of methods for coupling klystrons to accelerators. Expanding any one of these models to the ILC scale, though, presents a unique challenge.

One of the biggest concerns is cost. The current ILC plans call for two parallel tunnels—one for the accelerator cavity and associated cryogenics, the other for the klystrons and their power modulators. The biggest selling point for the two-tunnel approach is reliability. Technicians would be able to access the klystrons even during accelerator operation, ensuring that any problems that might arise could be fixed without having to shut the whole machine down. But digging one 30 kilometer tunnel 100 meters underground would be pricey on its own. Digging two would be considerably more expensive.

“The goal here is to explore different options for bringing the cost down,” said SLAC accelerator physicist Chris Nantista. “One idea for doing this is to revisit this idea of two tunnels and see if we can’t go to one.”

Going to one tunnel is no easy feat. Aside from limiting access to the klystrons, getting everything into a single tunnel can be a pretty tight fit. Worse, the klystrons would generate a lot of heat, which would have to be cooled by piped water and air brought from and returned to the surface.

The creators of SLAC’s linac got around this problem by bringing the klystrons to the surface, placing them 8 meters above the accelerator tunnel at 12 meter intervals. It’s a good setup. The klystrons are accessible and most of the heat they produce simply dissipates into the air. The structure that houses the klystrons is the second longest building in the world, after the Beijing airport. Building something nine times longer to house the ILC klystrons would be costly.

So Adolphsen came up with a different idea: keep the klystrons above ground, but put them into groups of 60 or 70. The power from each cluster would be channeled into giant waveguides, with smaller waveguides branching off every 38 meters to feed into the accelerator cavity. By this method, the radio frequency power produced would be distributed 1.25 kilometers in either direction, providing 2.5 kilometers of coverage per cluster. Compared to the current plan, the klystron cluster model could skim as much as $300 million from the ILC construction costs.

“With the clusters, you get two savings,” Adolphsen said. “One from getting rid of the tunnel, another from making the cooling system much simpler.”

The cluster model brings challenges of its own. The main waveguides carrying radio frequency waves from the klystron clusters would need to carry more than 300 megawatts of power. Figuring out how to combine, transmit, and distribute this much power efficiently could be difficult.

Other ILC collaborators have proposed alternative single tunnel models. A group of researchers at Japan’s KEK lab is pitching a plan that would put smaller, less powerful klystrons in the same tunnel as the accelerator cavity. The arrangement would make up for the klystrons’ inaccessibility by making them more reliable.

Later this year, the ILC’s Global Design Effort committee will hold a meeting to review the two design options. In the meantime, Adolphsen and Nantista will continue working to test the feasibility of the klystron cluster design. Over the next year, they will construct a 10-meter long prototype of the waveguides that would be used, along with prototypes of a component called a coaxial tap-off—a device designed by Nantista for getting radio frequency power in and out of the main waveguide. In all, the prototypes will provide an opportunity to test whether the setup will be able to handle the power levels that would be involved in a full-size version.

“We have to do some demonstration to build confidence that this will work,” Nantista said. “I hope it does.”

by Nicholas Bock

Symmetry Intern

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FlashForward: More on the science behind the story

September 24, 2009 | 10:04 am

The cast of ABC's new TV series <i>FlashForward</i>. (ABC/BOB D'AMICO)

The cast of ABC's new TV series FlashForward. (ABC/BOB D'AMICO)

FlashForward premieres tonight on the ABC television network. The new TV series is inspired by  Robert J. Sawyer’s novel of same name, which follows an international team of physicists and engineers at CERN as they cope with the aftermath of an event that projects humankind’s consciousness forward 21 years. In the book, the ALICE experiment at the Large Hadron Collider provides the setting for the “flash forward.” In the television adaptation, it’s anyone’s guess: the creators and stars of the show, and even Sawyer himself, make it clear that the series departs greatly from the book.

If tonight’s premiere makes you want to check out the novel (or if you’re ahead of the game and have already read it), the following links will help you separate FlashForward fact from fiction.

CERN’s new FlashForward Web site features a video interview with theoretical physicist John Ellis that explores the physics in Sawyer’s novel. Ellis dashes your hopes that LHC collisions might let you see a glimpse of your future life, sets the record straight on the Higgs boson, separates a few other physics facts from physics fictions, and discusses the role of science fiction in inspiring young scientists. CERN’s site also includes video and written interviews with Robert J. Sawyer, and excerpts from the novel.

The US LHC Web site’s FlashForward page includes a Q&A on the portrayal of CERN and the LHC in Sawyer’s book.

And from Time.com, this video interview with Robert J. Sawyer includes a discussion of the science behind FlashForward.

Katie Yurkewicz

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Driving nuclear energy with proton accelerators

September 23, 2009 | 12:06 pm

Fermilab workshop to explore how proton accelerators could produce nuclear energy

The global demand for electricity is likely to double by 2030, according to the World Nuclear Association. But could particle accelerator technology help solve the world energy crisis?

A breakdown of the world energy supply in 2007. (Source: International Energy Agency)

A breakdown of the world energy supply in 2007. (Source: International Energy Agency)

According to scientists, accelerators might make it possible to use an alternative fuel to produce nuclear energy.

Currently, 6 percent of the world’s total energy comes from nuclear reactors; while fossil fuels, a major contributor to global warming, provide approximately 85 percent, according to the International Energy Agency. Nuclear reactors could supply more of the world’s power, but scientists believe that conventional sources of uranium, a natural resource found in the earth’s crust that serves as fuel for nuclear reactors, are dwindling and could run out within the next century.

An accelerator-driven nuclear reactor would take thorium, an alternative natural resource that is three to four times more abundant than uranium, and convert it into nuclear fuel.

Scientists will discuss plans to research and develop accelerator-driven nuclear reactors at an upcoming workshop on Oct. 19-21 at Fermilab.

Many different design proposals exist, but the basic concept would use an intense proton accelerator to produce high-energy, or fast, neutrons with energies of approximately 10 million electronvolts. Place thorium in the stream of neutrons, and it transmutes, or changes, to uranium, resulting in an abundant supply of nuclear fuel. As a bonus, the accelerator would also destroy the majority of the nuclear waste.

workshopposter

In order to make accelerator-driven nuclear reactors a reality, scientists need to develop an accelerator that is 10 times more intense than any existing machine. A renewed interest in accelerator-driven nuclear energy, as well as a proposed linear collider,  pushed scientists to explore new technologies, such as superconducting radiofrequency cavities, to build a high-intensity proton accelerator. It also led to workshops like the one that will take place at Fermilab in October.

“We need to concentrate on solving the accelerator intensity problem. A high-intensity accelerator at Fermilab will help solve a number of physics needs, such as those for a proposed muon collider,” says Fermilab physicist and workshop organizer Rajendran Raja. “It is also the opportune time to examine accelerator-driven nuclear reactors.”

Attendees at the Workshop on the Applications of High-Intensity Proton Accelerators will discuss the challenges for building a high-intensity proton accelerator, focusing specifically on superconducting linear accelerators and their potential applications. The workshop will help advance the design of Fermilab’s proposed Project X and other future accelerators that may use superconducting rf technology. Attendees will also explore other physics programs that will benefit from a high-intensity proton accelerator, such as a proposed neutrino factory and rare kaon and muon decay studies.

Visit the conference Web site for more information about the workshop or to register.

Elizabeth Clements

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Flashforward author Robert J. Sawyer on the LHC, Higgs, and Hollywood

September 22, 2009 | 6:18 am

FlashForward Book Cover

This Thursday, the ABC television network will premiere FlashForward, a drama series based on Robert J. Sawyer’s science-fiction novel of the same name. While the details of the television series are being closely guarded, nuclear and particle physics is at the heart of the novel. Sawyer’s novel kicks off at CERN, where the Large Hadron Collider provides the setting for an event that triggers global mayhem, and features physicists and engineers as main characters.

In an e-mail interview with symmetry, Sawyer discussed why he chose the LHC for the plot of Flashforward, how he relates the search for the Higgs to dinosaurs, and which physics laboratory is next in line for the science-fiction treatment.

Why the LHC?

Sawyer’s novel was conceived in 1997, well before CERN became a household name. But the author prides himself on keeping up with the world of science, and twelve years ago the LHC was already big news in the scientific community.

“My original notion was that I wanted to briefly punt the consciousness of everyone on Earth into the future,” he said, “and even before 1997, the various science magazines I read were all noting that CERN was planning to build the Large Hadron Collider, so it immediately sprang to mind as a possible plot point for the novel. I needed a reason why such consciousness displacement didn’t happen all the time, and why indeed it hadn’t happened yet, and the notion that the LHC would unleash, in a controlled way, energy levels not ever previously produced on Earth, was irresistible.”

Sawyer has kept up with the LHC’s progress, and admits to a special interest in the use of the new accelerator to search for dark matter. Stephen Hawking’s famous bet against CERN finding the Higgs also caught his attention, for that fact that a non-discovery might make the world of particle physics that much more mysterious.

“I understand where he’s coming from: if CERN finds the Higgs, the Standard Model is confirmed, and all is neat and tidy,” he explained. “I actually wanted to be a paleontologist; I was and am fascinated by dinosaurs. But, in many ways, the discovery by Luis Alvarez and his colleagues that an asteroid impact probably caused their extinction took a lot of the wonder out of that field; questions can be more interesting than answers, and Dr. Hawking is clearly hoping that what the LHC finds—or doesn’t!—will give us exciting new mysteries to wrap our heads around, rather than simply confirm things we already think we know.”

FlashForward star Joseph Fiennes and author Robert J. Sawyer. Image courtesy Robert J. Sawyer.

FlashForward star Joseph Fiennes and author Robert J. Sawyer. Image courtesy Robert J. Sawyer.

From sci-fi to prime time

Like many adaptations, the television version of Flashforward departs significantly from the original story, although the two do both take place in 2009. And like all of today’s television series, everyone involved is tight-lipped about the plot.

“The TV series based on my novel is a fairly liberal adaptation,” said Sawyer, “and what causes the consciousness-displacement in it I can’t say; they’re presenting that as a big mystery and certainly have brought their own creative juices to bear on the question—but it is amusing that the series and my book both ended up being set at almost exactly the same time.”

Despite the difference between book and series, Sawyer, who is slated to write an episode for the show’s first season, has nothing but good things to say about the creative team behind the show. His novel may have also given some well-known actors a taste of particle physics. During a visit to the set earlier this year, Sawyer discovered that many of the actors had read his novel in preparation for their roles on the show.

“I was thrilled to find how many of the actors—including Joseph Fiennes, Sonya Walger, and Zachary Knighton—had chosen to read the novel; actors, of course, have no obligation to read anything but the script. It was fun talking with them about the philosophical notions from the novel—the central questions of fate vs. free will and of the nature of time and consciousness.”

Which physics lab is next for the novel treatment?

Flashforward is not Sawyer’s only novel to feature particle physics, nor is it his sole story set in a real-life physics laboratory. Hominids features the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, an underground experiment dedicated to detecting ghostly neutrinos, while Starplex is largely about dark matter.

Sawyer also features scientists as main characters in most of his novels. As a non-scientist, he does plenty of research in his quest to portray  characters accurately–including spending two months this summer at a laboratory in Saskatchewan.

“I just finished a two-month stint as the first-ever writer-in-residence at the Canadian Light Source, Canada’s national synchrotron research facility, a position created specifically for me,” he explained. “I think I’ve done a good job portraying scientists in the past, but getting to spend two months with them, day in and day out, in their lunch rooms and at their lab barbecues and visiting their homes, and so on, was enormously useful, and will bring even more verisimilitude to my future portrayals of scientists.”

His recent synchrotron stint will also feed in to one of his upcoming novels.

“Part of the implicit deal with the Canadian Light Source was that I would indeed feature that facility in one of my upcoming books,” noted Sawyer. “Of course, they do all kinds of research there—a synchrotron is a Swiss army knife of science—and, indeed, the experiment that I was helping with during my time there was archeological in nature. But science fiction is the literature of fundamental questions—where did we come from, why are we here, where are we going—and of course there’s nothing more fundamental to understanding the nature of reality than particle physics.”

Check back on Thursday for more on the real science behind FlashForward.

Katie Yurkewicz

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